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How light maintain its speed after refraction?

How light maintain its speed after refraction? -(Naveen Saxena asked)

The speed of light in a medium is constant. When light enters from one medium to another, there is a change in the speed of light and the change is almost instantaneous. The speed of light in a medium depends on the electric and magnetic properties of the medium, more specifically, the electric permitivity and magnetic permeability of the medium.

The speed of light in a medium is given by

$v=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu \varepsilon }}$

Wikipedia says

“At the microscale, an electromagnetic wave’s phase speed is slowed in a material because the electric field creates a disturbance in the charges of each atom (primarily the electrons) proportional to the electric susceptibility of the medium. (Similarly, the magnetic field creates a disturbance proportional to the magnetic susceptibility.) As the electromagnetic fields oscillate in the wave, the charges in the material will be “shaken” back and forth at the same frequency. The charges thus radiate their own electromagnetic wave that is at the same frequency, but usually with a phase delay, as the charges may move out of phase with the force driving them . The light wave traveling in the medium is the macroscopic superposition (sum) of all such contributions in the material: The original wave plus the waves radiated by all the moving charges. This wave is typically a wave with the same frequency but shorter wavelength than the original, leading to a slowing of the wave’s phase speed. Most of the radiation from oscillating material charges will modify the incoming wave, changing its velocity. However, some net energy will be radiated in other directions or even at other frequencies .

Depending on the relative phase of the original driving wave and the waves radiated by the charge motion, there are several possibilities:

• If the electrons emit a light wave which is 90° out of phase with the light wave shaking them, it will cause the total light wave to travel more slowly. This is the normal refraction of transparent materials like glass or water, and corresponds to a refractive index which is real and greater than 1.
• If the electrons emit a light wave which is 270° out of phase with the light wave shaking them, it will cause the total light wave to travel more quickly. This is called “anomalous refraction”, and is observed close to absorption lines, with X-rays, and in some microwave systems. It corresponds to a refractive index less than 1. (Even though the phase velocity of light is greater than the speed of light in vacuum c, the signal velocity is not, as discussed above). If the response is sufficiently strong and out-of-phase, the result is negative refractive index discussed below.
• If the electrons emit a light wave which is 180° out of phase with the light wave shaking them, it will destructively interfere with the original light to reduce the total light intensity. This is light absorption in opaque materials and corresponds to an imaginary refractive index.
• If the electrons emit a light wave which is in phase with the light wave shaking them, it will amplify the light wave. This is rare, but occurs in lasers due to stimulated emission. It corresponds to an imaginary index of refraction, with the opposite sign as absorption.

For most materials at visible-light frequencies, the phase is somewhere between 90° and 180°, corresponding to a combination of both refraction and absorption.”

SPEED OF LIGHT AND REFRACTION

How light maintain its speed after refraction.

Dr. Naveen Saxena

n=c/v,naturally velocity of light decrease in refraction.but even even then it has the velocity in the order of 108m.In refraction,

the frequency of light remains the same ,but the wavelength

changes

How wheel + Tyre diameter affects a vehicle’s speed

I have been told a larger wheel/tyre decrease acceleration because its harder to turn the wheel making the car rev slower.

But the same person tells me it will increase the top speed.

My question is if the car has a max rev of 8000rpm but only reaches 7000rpm in its highest gear would a smaller wheel/tyre not make it easier for the car to rev higher thus possible increasing the top speed by using a smaller wheel?

As wheel radius increases, its top speed increases for a given RPM since for a given RPM the speed of the vehicle is directly proportional to its radius.
The distance traveled in one rotation = 2 π R
But now, there is another effect also here. As the radius of tyre increases, its moment of inertia increases and it would be harder for the engine to rotate it. So, the engine will not be able to turn it with the same ease as before, but however, there will be an increase in top speed other conditions remaining the same.
Refer to http://wahiduddin.net/calc/calc_speed_rpm.htm for a calculation of top speed vs tyre radius

Another problem from Kinematics

Shibu posted:

“a car is running at a speed “u”. Seeing a child on
the road, the driver applies the break so as to
bring the car to a halt within a distance S. Show
that hte reaction time of the driver is 2S/u”

Speed of Light

“what is the speed of light?”

Ans:

Speed of Light in Vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s

The various experiments conducted to determine the speed of light are

• [wiki]Foucault[/wiki]’s method
• [wiki]Fizeau[/wiki]’s method
• [wiki]Michelson[/wiki]’s method
• … and many more

Projectile motion – A problem from real life situation

Three identical stones are thrown with the same initial speed from the top of a cliff into the river below. atone 1 is launched at an angle of 20 degrees above the horizontal; stone 2 at an angle 20 degrees below the horizontal; and stone 3 directly along the horizontal. just before entering the river, which stone has the greatest speed?

Apparent weight in an elevator

You are standing on a bathroom scale in an elevator the is moving upward at constant speed, when suddenly the cable breaks. from just before to just after the cable breaks, the reading on the scale will be?